Augmentin - instructions for use, analogs, reviews and release forms (tablets 250 mg, 500 mg, 875 mg, suspension 200 mg and 400 mg, injections) of the drug for the treatment of infections in adults, children and pregnancy
In this article, you can read the instructions for using the drug Augmentin. Comments of visitors of the site - consumers of this medication, as well as opinions of doctors of experts on the use of Augmentin in their practice are presented. A big request is to actively add their feedback on the drug: the medicine helped or did not help get rid of the disease, which were observed complications and side effects, possibly not declared by the manufacturer in the annotation. Analogues of Augmentin in the presence of existing structural analogues. Use for the treatment of various infectious diseases in adults, children, as well as during pregnancy and lactation.Special infant dosages and forms of the preparation and methods of preparing the suspension.
Augmentin - a combined broad-spectrum antibiotic, resistant to beta-lactamase, containing Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid.
Amoxicillin is a semisynthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic that is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Amoxicillin is degraded by beta-lactamases, therefore microorganisms producing beta-lactamases do not enter the spectrum of its antibacterial activity.
Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactam compound that has the ability to inactivate a wide range of beta-lactamases, enzymes that normally produce microorganisms resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins.
The presence of clavulanic acid in the structure of Augmentin protects amoxicillin from the destructive action of beta-lactamases and expands the spectrum of its antibacterial activity with the inclusion of microorganisms, usually resistant to other penicillins and cephalosporins.
Augmentin is active against gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, against gram-negative anaerobic microorganisms, against other microorganisms: Borrelia burgdorferi,Chlamydiae (chlamydia), Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, Treponema pallidum (treponema).
Some strains of these bacterial species produce beta-lactamases, which causes resistance to monotherapy with amoxicillin.
Augmentin tablets are a sustained-release dosage form that differs from conventional tablets by other pharmacokinetic parameters. This provides sensitivity to the preparation of those strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, in which resistance to amoxicillin is mediated by penicillin-binding proteins (penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains).
Pharmacokinetics
Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid are readily soluble in aqueous solutions with a physiological pH value and after absorption of Augmentin are rapidly and completely absorbed from the digestive tract. Absorption of active substances Augmentin is optimal in case of its intake at the beginning of the meal. The therapeutic concentrations of both active substances are determined in various organs, tissues and body fluids (including in the lungs, abdominal cavity organs, adipose, bone and muscle tissues, pleural, synovial and peritoneal fluids, in the skin, bile, urine, purulent detachable, sputum, in the interstitial fluid).Amoxicillin (like most penicillins) is excreted in breast milk. Trace amounts of clavulanic acid have also been found in breast milk. Except for the risk of sensitization, no other adverse effects of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid on the health of infants fed by breast milk are known. In experimental studies in animals, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid have been shown to penetrate the placental barrier. However, there were no violations of fertility or negative effects on the fetus. Amoxicillin is excreted mainly by the kidneys, whereas clavulanic acid is through both renal and extrarenal mechanisms. About 10-25% of the initial dose of amoxicillin is excreted in the urine as inactive penicillic acid. Clavulanic acid in the human body undergoes intensive metabolism and is excreted in urine and feces.
Indications
Infectious-inflammatory diseases caused by microorganisms sensitive to the preparation:
- infections of the upper respiratory tract and ENT organs (including recurrent tonsillitis, sinusitis, otitis media), usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (streptococcus), Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pyogenes;
- infections of the lower respiratory tract: acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia, typically caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis;
- urinary tract infection: cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis, infection of female genital organs, usually caused by species of the family Enterobacteriaceae (preferably Escherichia coli), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (Staphylococcus aureus) and a species of the genus Enterococcus, and gonorrhea caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae;
- skin and soft tissue infections, commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and species of the genus Bacteroides;
- infections of bones and joints: osteomyelitis, usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus, if long-term therapy is required;
- other mixed infections, such as septic abortion, obstetric sepsis, intra-abdominal infections.
Forms of release
Tablets, film-coated 250 mg, 500 mg, 875 mg.
Powder for the preparation of suspension for ingestion 125 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg
Powder for the preparation of injection solution for intravenous injection (in injections) 500 mg, 1000 mg.
Instructions for use and dosage
Inside.
The dosage regimen is set individually, depending on the age, body weight, kidney function of the patient, and also on the severity of the infection.
For optimum absorption and reduction of possible side effects from the gastrointestinal tract, the drug Augmentin is recommended to be taken at the beginning of the meal.
The minimum course of antibiotic therapy is 5 days. After 2 weeks after the start of treatment, it is recommended to evaluate the clinical situation for making a decision on the continuation of the course of antibiotic therapy. The duration of treatment of acute uncomplicated otitis media is 5-7 days, in children under 2 years - 7-10 days.
If necessary, it is possible to perform stepwise therapy (in the beginning, parenteral administration of the drug followed by a transition to oral administration).
Powder for the preparation of a suspension for oral administration (a method of preparing a suspension)
The suspension is prepared immediately before the first use. The powder should be dissolved with boiled water, cooled to room temperature, gradually shaking the bottle and adding water to the label on the vial. Then allow the suspension to stand for about 5 minutes to ensure complete dilution. The vial should be shaken well before each use. For an accurate dosage of the drug, you should use a measuring cap-cap, which needs to be rinsed well with water after each use.After reconstitution, the suspension should be stored for no more than 7 days in the refrigerator, but not frozen.
To correctly dispense the volume of the suspension in children less than 3 months (infants and newborns) it is recommended to use a syringe with graduation. For the convenience of taking the suspension in children under 2 years of age, it can be diluted with water by half.
Children
Calculation of the dose is made depending on the age and weight, indicate in mg / kg of body weight per day (calculation for amoxicillin) or in ml of suspension per day. Children with a body weight of 40 kg or more should be given the same dose as an adult.
Low doses of the drug Augmentin are used to treat infections of the skin and soft tissues, as well as relapsing tonsillitis.
High doses of the Augmentin drug are used to treat diseases such as otitis media, sinusitis, lower respiratory tract infections and urinary tract infections.
There are not enough clinical data to recommend the use of Augmentin in a dose of more than 40 mg / kg 3 times a day (4: 1 suspension) or 45 mg / kg 2 times a day (7: 1 suspension) in children younger than 2 years.
Adults: recommended dosage regimen is 20 ml of suspension in a dosage of 125 mg + 31.25 mg in 5 ml 2-3 times a day or 11 ml of suspension at a dosage of 400 mg + 57 mg in 5 ml 2 times a day.
Elderly patients: dosage adjustment is not required, the same dosing regimen is used as in younger patients. In elderly patients with impaired renal function, appropriate doses are prescribed for adult patients with impaired renal function.
Film-coated tablets, 250 mg + 125 mg
It should be remembered that 2 tablets of the drug Augmentin 250 mg + 125 mg are not equivalent to 1 tablet of the drug Augmentin 500 mg + 125 mg.
Adults and children over 12 years of age or with a body weight of more than 40 kg: 1 tablet 3 times a day for infections of mild and moderate severity. In cases of severe infections, other dosage forms of the Augmentin drug are recommended.
Children younger than 12 years: it is recommended to use other dosage forms of the drug Augmentin.
Tablets, film-coated, 500 mg + 125 mg
Treatment should not last more than 14 days without reassessing the patient's condition.
Adults and children over 12 years of age and / or with a body weight above 40 kg: 1 tablet (500 mg + 125 mg) 3 times a day.
Children under 12 years: the dose is prescribed depending on the age and body weight. The recommended dosing regimen is 40 mg / kg 3 times a day.
Children with a body weight of 40 kg or more: should be given the same dose as an adult.
Elderly: no dosage adjustment is required.
Tablets, film-coated, 875 mg + 125 mg
Adults and children over 12 years of age and / or with a body weight above 40 kg: 1 tablet 875 mg / 125 mg 2 times a day.
Children under 12 years of age: this dosage form is not intended for use in children younger than 12 years of age or weighing less than 40 kg.
Children with a body weight of 40 kg or more: should be given the same dose as an adult.
Elderly: no dosage adjustment is required.
Rules for the injection of the drug
Augmentin can be administered as a slow intravenous injection for 3-4 minutes directly into a vein or through a catheter, or as an IV infusion for 30-40 minutes.
Augmentin is not intended for intramuscular administration (due to instability at a concentration that could be injected / m).
The maximum duration of therapy should be 14 days, after which its effectiveness and tolerability should be assessed.
All dosage forms for children under 3 months should be administered only by infusion.
Side effect
- reversible leukopenia (including neutropenia), thrombocytopenia, reversible agranulocytosis, and hemolytic anemia;
- angioedema;
- anaphylaxis;
- allergic vasculitis;
- skin rash;
- hives;
- dizziness;
- headache;
- convulsions - may occur in patients with impaired renal function and in patients receiving the drug in high doses;
- diarrhea;
- nausea (more often when taking the drug in high doses), vomiting;
- dyspepsia;
- hepatitis;
- interstitial nephritis;
- candidiasis of the mucous membranes.
When taking Augmentin, side effects occur rarely and are mostly light and transient.
Contraindications
- jaundice or a violation of liver function against the background of the use of Augmentin in history;
- increased sensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics (including penicillins and cephalosporins).
It is not recommended to use Augmentin in case of suspected infectious mononucleosis, because in such cases amoxicillin can cause a skin rash, which makes it difficult to diagnose the disease.
Application in pregnancy and lactation
In studies of reproductive functions in animals with the administration of Augmentin, it was shown that oral and parenteral administration of this drug did not cause teratogenic effects.
In a single study in women with premature rupture of membranes, it was found that preventive therapy with Augmentin may be associated with an increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns. Augmentin is not recommended for use during pregnancy, except in cases where, in the opinion of the doctor, this is necessary.
Augmentin can be used during breastfeeding. With the exception of the risk of sensitization associated with the release of active ingredients into the breast milk in trace amounts, no other adverse effects were observed in infants fed breastfeeding.
special instructions
Before starting treatment with Augmentin, you need to collect a detailed history of previous reactions of hypersensitivity to penicillins, cephalosporins or other allergens.
Serious and sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylactic reactions) to penicillins are described. The risk of occurrence of such reactions is highest in patients who have a history of hypersensitivity reactions to antibiotics of this group.In case of an allergic reaction, it is necessary to stop treatment with Augmentin and start alternative therapy. In severe reactions of hypersensitivity, adrenaline (epinephrine) should be administered immediately. Oxygen therapy, intravenous steroids and airway patency, including intubation, may also be required.
With care, use Augmentin in patients with impaired liver function.
The severity of side effects from the digestive system can be reduced by taking Augmentin at the beginning of the meal.
Oral care helps prevent tooth discoloration, as it is sufficient to brush your teeth.
Patients receiving Augmentin occasionally experience an increase in prothrombin time, and therefore, with simultaneous use of Augmentin and anticoagulants, appropriate monitoring should be carried out.
In patients with reduced diuresis, crystalluria is very rare, mainly with parenteral therapy. When taking amoxicillin in high doses, it is recommended to take a sufficient amount of fluid and maintain an adequate diuresis in order to reduce the probability of formation of amoxicillin crystals.
Long-term treatment with Augmentin can be accompanied by excessive growth of insensitive microorganisms.
In general, Augmentin is well tolerated and has a characteristic of all penicillins of low toxicity. During prolonged therapy with Augmentin it is recommended to periodically monitor the kidneys, liver, hematopoiesis.
The suspension contains aspartame, which is a source of phenylalanine, and therefore these dosage forms should be used with caution in patients with phenylketonuria.
In the medical literature, there is no evidence of abuse of Augmentin and of dependence on this drug.
Like any other antibiotic, it requires careful use when taking alcohol, as it is possible to develop hepatic complications.
Impact on the ability to drive vehicles and manage mechanisms
Augmentin does not have a negative impact on the ability to drive vehicles and work with mechanisms.
Drug Interactions
It is not recommended to use Augmentin concurrently with probenecid. Probenecid reduces tubular secretion of amoxicillin,and therefore simultaneous use of Augmentin and probenecid can lead to an increase and persistence in the blood levels of amoxicillin, but not clavulanic acid.
With the simultaneous use of Allopurinol and amoxicillin, an increased risk of allergic reactions is possible. Data on simultaneous application of Augmentin and allopurinol are currently absent.
Like other broad-spectrum antibiotics, Augmentin may reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptives (this should be informed to patients).
Analogues of medicament Augmentin
Structural analogs for the active substance:
- Amovicomb;
- Amoxiclav;
- Amoksiklav Quiktab;
- Amoxicillin sodium and potassium clavulanate;
- Amoxicillin trihydrate + potassium clavulanate;
- Arlette;
- Augmentin SR;
- Bactocklave;
- Verklav;
- Clamosar;
- Liklave;
- Médoclase;
- Panklav;
- Ranklav;
- Rapiklav;
- Taromentine;
- Flemoclav Solutab;
- Ecoclave.
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